Sycamore Cluster

Trade Name :
Sycamore Cluster

Origin :
Central Europe, Atlantic Coast to the Ukraine.

Uses :
High quality architectural woodwork, high quality furniture.

Properties :
As a result of abnormal growth the trunk develops burls which occur as clearly defined burl zones. Sycamore cluster is produced in white and steamed form, steaming produces a red coloring.

Jointing :
Wood joints are easy to produce with glue, screws and nails and are very durable. Pre-drilling in the case of screws is to be recommended.

Sycamore Crotch

Trade Name :
Sycamore Crotch, English Sycamore Crotch

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
Architectural woodwork. Since this wood is only available in small (max. 1,20 meter) lengths and very rare, only usable for single projects. No mass-produced furniture possible.

Properties :
The wood is almost white. The veneer has to be dried quickly after slicing, otherwise it yellows when exposed to light and air.

Jointing :
Wood joints are easy to produce with glue, screws and nails and hold well. Pre-drilling is to be recommended when using screws.

Figured Sycamore

Trade Name :
Figured Sycamore

Origin :
Europe

Uses
Logs free of defects are used for the production of exclusive veneers. Figured Sycamore veneers are mostly produced for the American and Asian markets as neither the European furniture trade nor the end users of that region accept the figured effect at the moment. Short lengths are sold as so-called \"Fiddleback wood\" to musical instrument makers (for string instruments).

Properties :
This almost white wood yellows under the influence of light and air if the veneers are not dried quickly enough. Heart discoloration is possible but since the logs normally have large diameters this is not such a problem.

Jointing :
Joints are easily produced with glue, screws and nails and are very durable. Pre-drilling is recommended when using screws.

Plain Sycamore

Trade Name :
Sycamore, European Sycamore

Origin :
Central Europe, Atlantic coast to the Ukraine.

Uses :
High quality veneer for architectural and furniture purposes. Generally used for all wood products where particular importance is attached to the white color. Very popular for solid tables in pubs, also used for sports equipment and tool handles.

Properties :
The wood is almost white. The veneer must be dried soon after slicing otherwise it will turn yellow under the influence of light and air. Heart discoloration is possible but since the logs normally have large diameters this is not such a problem. Worse is the tendency of the annual rings to develop green stripe in certain growing areas.

Jointing :
Joints are easily produced with glue, screws and nails and are very durable. Pre-drilling is recommended when using screws.

American-Walnut

Trade Name :
Sucupira, Supupira, Coeur Dehors

Origin :
South America

Uses :
Sliced veneer, engineering and construction lumber for all interior and exterior applications, windows, doors, parquet flooring, furniture. Of no great significance in Europe.

Properties :
The heartwood is red to brown-red with light yellow lines. It is most resistant to fungi, insect attack and the weather. The wood is hard, heavy, tough and dense.

Jointing :
Joints are easy to produce with glue, screws and nails and are of normal tensile strength.

White Ash

Trade Name :
European Ash, White Ash

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
Good veneer wood for furniture and interior decorating. Logs having an olive-colored heart (“Olive Ash”) as well as Ash burls are in specially high demand as Olive Ash. Also used as wood for sports equipment (parallel bars, etc., due to its high bending strength), gun stocks, tool handles and grips.

Properties :
It is hard to differentiate between sapwood and heartwood. In aging, however, there is pronounced darkening of the heartwood with varying diameters down the lengths of the logs. Dark patches can occur as well as frequent figuring.

Jointing :
Glue is readily accepted by Ash and provides very durable joints. Pre-drilled screw joints hold well.

Sassafras

Trade Name :
Sassafras, Golden Elm, Smelling Stick

Origin :
North America

Uses :
Preferred for exterior purposes such as for building boats, ships, bridges and docks as well as for cabinets and also used in joineries, carpenter shops and turneries. The wood is primarily of local significance in the USA. It has never established itself in Europe.

Properties :
The color is light grey-brown to silver-brown. The wood produces a strong fenchel odor and as a result is not subject to insect attack.

Jointing :
Glue joints hold well. Screw and nail joints can be made without any difficulty but holes should be pre-drilled.

Satinwood

Trade Name :
Citron, Satinwood, Ceylon Satinwood, East Indian Satinwood

Origin :
Sri Lanka, India

Uses :
High quality architectural purposes, more in North America and Australia than in Europe.

Properties :
The wood is yellowish to cream in color. Generally sliced as true quarters which have a beautiful striped pattern. Since Satinwood also often has a bee’s-wing mottle it is an extremely decorative wood which has been used for centuries in making high quality furniture.

Jointing :
Screw and nail joints must be pre-drilled. Glue joints hold firmly.

Silky Oak

Trade Name :
Silky Oak, Lacewood

Origin :
Australia Distinctly decorative veneer wood; particularly beautiful surfaces achieved by quarter cutting through the regular large rays. (Flake effect similar to Oak). Used also for architectural woodwork and parquet flooring.

Properties :
Silky Oak features distinct broad rays. The wood is beautifully patterned and grained and has a silky gloss surface. It is one of the most beautiful and versatile woods native in Australia.

Jointing :
Glue joints are very firm and easy to produce. Screw and nail joints have high tensile strength.

Spruce

Trade Name :
Spruce

Origin :
Central Europe

Uses :
Without a doubt Spruce is one of the most exploited woods and is used for all interior and exterior purposes. Used as engineering, construction and mining wood and in joineries, as well as for overhead line masts and in the production of plywood.

Properties :
It is hard to differentiate between the sapwood and the heartwood. There is no heart coloring. The wood is of a light yellowish color and often almost white without particular markings.

Jointing :
Glue, screw and nail joints can easily be made and hold well.

Sucupira

Trade Name :
Sucupira, Supupira, Coeur Dehors

Origin :
South America

Uses :
Sliced veneer, engineering and construction lumber for all interior and exterior applications, windows, doors, parquet flooring, furniture. Of no great significance in Europe.

Properties :
The heartwood is red to brown-red with light yellow lines. It is most resistant to fungi, insect attack and the weather. The wood is hard, heavy, tough and dense.

Jointing :
Joints are easy to produce with glue, screws and nails and are of normal tensile strength.

Swiss Pear

Trade Name :
Swiss Pear, Common Pear, Wild Servicetree, Sorbtree

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
Over the last five years Pear has become one of the most demanded veneer species in Europe. Used for bedroom furniture, living-room furniture, paneling and office furniture. Also used for highest quality interior fixtures for banks, insurances and other representative buildings.

Properties :
Very elegant wood. Unsteamed the wood is white. The warm reddish tone is only achieved by steaming. Many trunks develop brown heart and as a result fail to qualify for exclusive veneer. The development of fine hairs is just as frequent as the figuring which gives the veneer life but unfortunately these still are not sufficiently accepted.

Jointing :
Gluing pear presents no difficulties. Screws and nails hold firmly but should be pre-drilled.

Plumtree

Trade Name :
Plumtree

Origin :
Asia Minor

Uses :
It is sliced or rotary cut (depending on diameter), otherwise used for turneries, carvings, for marquetry as well as for small objects. Only used for high quality architectural woodwork in the veneer trade because of its rare occurrence. Used also for restoration work on antiques.

Properties :
The heartwood is red to violet-brown, to some extent with darker lines, which makes it decorative. The tree is very seldom over 30 years old. The wood is dense, hard and difficult to work.

Jointing :
Screw and nail joints hold firmly and should be pre-drilled. High tensile strength is provided by gluing.

Red-Gum

Trade Name :
Red Gum, Satin Walnut

Origin :
South-eastern parts of the USA.

Uses :
In USA, it is an often used as commercial timber for inexpensive furniture – veneered as well as made of solid wood –, for plywood, fruit crates, paper production and barrels. Relatively unknown in Europe as veneer and seldomly used for interior wood work.

Properties :
The sapwood is cream-coloured and relatively uniform-looking; the heart wood is of a reddish to dark-brown colour both of which can alternate within one single log, thus creating a beautiful marblelike effect. When working up the sap and heart wood together, an extremely decorative result is obtained. The heart wood often has a silky sheen.

Jointing :
Problem-free, including screw, nail and glue joints which all hold well.

East Indian Rosewood

Trade Name :
Rosewood, East Indian Rosewood

Origin :
Asia

Uses :
High quality architectural woodwork or furniture.

Properties :
The heartwood is tobacco-colored, gold-brown to purple-brown with dark brown to purple-brown lines. The dark streaks demarcate the growth zones and give the wood its typical attractive pattern, especially apparent when flat cut.

Jointing :
Glue, screw and nail joints hold well and are very durable.

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Santos-Rosewood

Trade Name :
Santos Rosewood

Origin :
South America

Uses :
Architectural woodwork, high class furniture making.

Properties :
Brought on the market earlier as a substitute wood for Rio Rosewood, this wood has established itself today on the market as highly decorative furniture wood. The lighter and more distinctive the red coloring is, the more valuable the wood.

Jointing :
Gluing can prove to be difficult due to the high oil content.

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Sapele

Trade Name :
Sapele

Origin :
Africa

Uses :
Sliced veneer for faces, furniture, paneling, parquet flooring, doors, pianos and construction lumber.

Properties :
Weak pink to dark red heartwood, quickly darkening to a red brown in time. Aboudikro-Sapele, which generally grows along the Ivory Coast, normally is darker than the wood from other growing areas. Blocks with numerous bark pockets, color defects or pin knots are not suitable for veneer production.

Jointing :
No difficulty to produce joints with glue, screws and nails, all of which are durable.

Sapele Pommele

Trade Name :
Sapele, Sapelli

Origin :
Africa

Uses :
High quality architectural woodwork. Popular wood for this purpose in the USA, Australia and Japan.

Properties :
Due to the unique growing pattern of this tree its wood provides a veneer pattern which is almost figured and, as a result, particularly attractive.

Jointing :
Joints using glue, screws and nails can be produced without any difficulties and are durable.

European-Oak

Trade Name :
European-Oak

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
Sliced veneer for faces, wood for interior fixtures as veneer and as sawn wood for furniture, paneling, parquet and stairs, construction lumber, fibre- and chipboard.

Properties :
The heartwood is light brown to yellow brown and darkens later. Narrow-ringed, i.e. close-grown, very light-colored wood is given preference for veneer. Winter felling and intensive log protection are necessary.

Jointing :
Glue joints are strong and durable. Screw and nail joints hold firmly but discoloration in the wood can be caused through the effects of moisture.

Red-Oak

Trade Name :
Red-Oak

Origin :
North America

Uses :
Veneer. Only very good logs are used for slicing, others are peeled. Red Oak is also used for facing in the furniture and door industries and as construction wood. Unlike in White Oak, Red Oak wood is not suitable for staves due to its open pores.

Properties :
The color is light reddish to dark red. Compared with White Oak it is considerably larger in diameter and cleaner. Knife stain can very easily occur when slicing since the wood contains more tannic acid than found in White Oak and the water flow is facilitated by the open pores.

Jointing :
Red Oak can be glued without problems. Screw and nail joints hold firmly but the holes should be pre-drilled to prevent splitting.

Olivetree

Trade Name :
Olive, Genuine Olive

Origin :
Olivetree is one of the oldest cultigen in the world. As its cultivation had already started in prehistoric times, it is not possible any more to reconstruct the borders of its natural growing range. In principle though, the Mediterranean area can be seen as the area in question.

Uses :
Usually, the very decorative Olive wood is used for arts and crafts. In Spain and Italy, local importance for the veneer industry in lengths up to 1 m, i.e. mainly used for inlays and occasional furniture there.

Properties :
The wood is of a yellowish basic shade and is extremely decorative due to fine dark veins spreading irregularly over the surface, thus creating a beautiful effect when larger surfaces are concerned. Frequent checking, however, extremely complicates the manufacturing process of this wood.

Jointing :
Difficult at times due to oil inclusion in the wood. Attention must be paid to avoid checking.

Padouk

Trade Name :
Padauk, African Corail, African Padouk

Origin :
Africa

Uses :
Sliced veneer, construction lumber, shape-retaining frame-work for precision instruments, etc., architectural woodwork and inlays. It is almost solely quarter cut and sliced.

Properties :
The heartwood is lustrous coral-red to red-brown, even orange-brown and most decorative. The flitches call for intensive cooking and the veneers must be completely covered when stored otherwise the wood quickly darkens

Jointing :
Glue joints are durable. Pre-drilling screw and nail joints is of advantage.

European Plane Burl

Trade Name :
European Plane Burl

Origin :
Western and Southern Europe.

Uses :
High quality architectural woodwork.

Properties :
Bark pockets are very frequently found in Plane Burl. These pockets are considered to be degrading due to the additional necessary patching work involved. Generally burled in full. Like in the normal wood, color variations from whitest yellow to wine red are common.

Jointing :
Joints are easy to produce with glue, screws and nails and hold firmly.

English Plane Cluster

Trade Name :
Plane Cluster, Harewood Cluster

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
Architectural woodwork, high quality furniture.

Properties :
Plane Cluster is outstanding for its distinctly defined burl zones which are regularly distributed over the veneer surface to produce an interesting pattern. The color can fluctuate within the log from reddish-brown to yellowish.

Jointing :
It is easy to produce joints with glue, screws and nails which hold firmly.

Movingui

Trade Name :
Movingui, Ayan, Ayaran

Origin :
Africa

Uses :
Sliced veneer for faces and rotary veneer for panels, furniture, interior fittings, paneling and parquet flooring, construction lumber.

Properties :
The heartwood is lemon to greenish-yellow, yellow-brown, darkening in time. The wood has an intensive lustrous surface which is why it is misleadingly called \"African Satinwood\". The logs with pronounced figuring are particularly decorative. This figuring can occur in different forms.

Jointing :
It is easy to produce glue joints. Screw and nail joints must be pre-drilled.

Myrtle Burl

Trade Name :
Myrtle Burl, Pepperwood, Laurel

Origin :
North America

Uses :
High quality architectural woodwork, also used for furniture.

Properties :
Since the Myrtle develops a dark heart, differentiation has to be made between those veneers without heart, which are yellowish in color, and those having a dark brown heart. This is why Myrtle Burl is also frequently stained to enable both forms to be used. The aromatic odour of the wood is most apparent.

Jointing :
Glue joints hold well. Screw joints hold firmly but should be pre-drilled.

Oak Burl

Trade Name :
Oak Burl

Origin :
Entire Europe.

Uses :
High quality interior architectural work. Unlike the more frequent Knotty Oak which is also used for mass production furniture.

Properties :
Main quality criteria for Oak Burl is the ingrown bark which is found almost on every tree. The quality of the veneer is all the better the less ingrown bark there is because it is less expensive to process then. Logs without ingrown bark are extremely rare.

Jointing :
Glue joints are strong and durable. Screw and nail joints hold firmly but can cause discoloration in the wood through the effects of moisture.

Oak Crotch

Trade Name :
Oak Crotch

Origin :
All over Europe.

Uses :
Architectural woodwork.

Properties :
Very difficult to slice, very often with open crotch

Jointing :
Glue joints are durable. Screw and nail joints hold firmly but can cause wood staining under the influence of moisture.

American White Oak

Trade Name :
White Oak, American White Oak

Origin :
North America

Uses :
The White Oak can be used universally in all branches of the woodworking industry because it is most resistant to external influences. This is why it is held in high esteem in the veneer and lumber trades due to its expressive texture. It has great significance in the USA as stave wood (for whiskey).

Properties :
Due to the strong interbreeding of the different species the color spectrum is broad and extends from light yellow to dark brown. Deviations into pink are possible, too. Frequent occurrence of so-called mineral deposits, dark streaks which appear on the surface as clearly defined patches. Blue stain can occur through contact with metal in wet wood.

Jointing :
The gluing properties are satisfactory.

Brown Oak

Trade Name :
Brown Oak, English Brown Oak, Pollard Oak

Origin :
Europe, mostly in England but also found frequently in France.

Uses :
Only in architectural woodwork, especially in the USA and Great Britain.

Properties :
Quarter-sliced or rift cut to obtain the flake effect.

Jointing :
Glue joints are durable. Screw and nail joints hold well but can cause staining in the wood under the influence of moisture.

Macore

Trade Name :
Macore, African Cherry, Cherry Mahogany

Origin :
Africa

Uses :
Sliced veneer mostly used as backing and inside veneer in Central Europe. Used also in Southern Europe and North America as face veneer. Solid wood for parquet floors and stairs. Figured Macore is used for high quality architectural woodwork or musical instruments.

Properties :
The heartwood is pink to red-brown and rather resistant to fungi, insect infestation and the weather. Macore is one of the most sought after redwoods from Africa. Blocks with a great deal of sap and less than 1 m in diameter are hardly suitable for veneer production.

Jointing :
The wood can be glued well. Screw and nail joints should be pre-drilled.

Figured Macore

Trade Name :
Figured Macore, Figured Douka

Origin :
Africa

Uses :
Sliced veneer for faces, furniture, paneling, parquet flooring. Only Figured Douka is used for slicing. Plain Douka is not in demand and is used at most as rotary wood for plywood. Douka is to be seen as a substitute wood for Macore.

Properties :
Macore is very often figured and frequently striped, wavy, moiré or flamed. The color ranges from light red to reddish-brown. It must be cut when hot which means careful, intensive cooking is necessary.

Jointing :
The wood glues easily. Screw and nail joints hold firmly. It is advantageous to pre-drill when using screws.

Madrone Burl

Trade Name :
Madrone-Burl

Origin :
USA

Uses :
Rotary cut wood for choice face veneers, luxury architectural woodwork, luxury furniture, inlays and cabinet making.

Properties :
The wood is reddish-brown and the root burls are very dense with generally closed grain. The tree grows very slowly and, depending upon actual location, is straight without any branches but can also be bent or occur in bush form. The wood is weather resistant, very hard and tough. Root burls are purchased by weight.

Jointing :
Joints with Madrone Burl are restricted to glues and screws but those can be produced without any problems.

Mapa Burl

Trade Name :
Mapa Burl, Mapi Burl

Origin :
Central, Western and Eastern Europe.

Uses :
As rotary cut wood for high quality face veneer. The wood is not steamed, i.e. rotary cut cold.

Properties :
The heartwood is light brown to brown. The burl occurs as reddish black spots. The veneer in which these dots are spread as evenly as possible over the surface is highly desired. The Populus nigra is the only species of Poplar which develops these burls.

Jointing :
Mapa Burl can be glued very well. Screw and nail joints hold firmly.

Maple Burl

Trade Name :
Maple Burl

Origin :
West Coast of the United States.

Uses :
Highly decorative elements for fillings or fronts in architectural woodwork and furniture production.

Properties :
Since Maple Burl frequently has bark pockets, sound large burls are seldom and very expensive. Almost always rotary cut.

Jointing :
Good

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Moabi Pommele

Trade Name :
Moabi-Pommele

Origin :
West Africa

Uses :
\"Moabi Pommele is used for exclusive interior design. As the figure can extremely differ – from very coarse to fine, from a very regular to an irregular figure – almost every log is a special unicum. Moabi Pommele is in demand in the USA, Great Britain and in the entire Asian area. Generally, Moabi Pommele – similar to Sapeli Pommele – is produced in the staylog operation to get the best possible Pommele effect.\"

Properties :
In comparison to Macore and Sapele, Moabi is of a lighter reddish colour. Most of the time, the Pommele is stronger developed in the outer layers of the log and disappears towards the center so that usually only one part of the log can be characterized as Pommele.

Jointing :
Problem-free.

Brazilian Lacewood

Trade Name :
Louro Faia, Brazilian Silky Oak

Origin :
South America

Uses :
Not known very well in Europe, Brazilian Lacewood has been used there for interior construction only and, since the end of the nineties, also for dashboards in cars. In South and North America also used in furniture and parquet productions, sometimes also for decks of ships. Veneers are readily available in good dimensions and can be procured in medium quantities without a problem.

Properties :
Due to distinct and very regular center rays, a highly decorative picture develops when this species is worked up in quartier resembling snakeskin. Colourvaries from deep pink to dark brown, depending on steaming time.

Jointing :
Joints are easy to produce with glue, screws and nails and have good tensile strength.

Larch

Trade Name :
Larch

Origin :
Central Europe

Uses :
Sliced veneer for faces, furniture, lining and paneling.

Properties :
Dark brown to dark red-brown color. Resin pockets, resin knots, interlocking and shakes cause slight problems when slicing.

Jointing :
Pre-drilled screw and nail joints have high strength, glue takes well and provides a good joint.

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Laurel Burl

Trade Name :
Laurel Burl

Origin :
Chile

Uses :
Quite popular for architectural interior woodwork and decorative single furniture, however, mainly on the American continent. In the mid 90’s the automobile industry discovered Laurel Burl as an alternative to Myrtle Burl. Since then, larger quantities have been exported to Germany for dashboard productions there. If it is well-burled, the dark part generally gets bleached and is then dyed to the desired colour.

Properties :
The good qualities are of a light-yellow colour and have tight and decorative burls with very prominent eyes. Extremely decorative surfaces can be put together when dark and light parts of the wood are arranged accordingly.

Jointing :
Problem-free.

Limba

Trade Name :
Limba, Afara, Egoin, Frake, Ofram

Origin :
Africa

Uses :
Limba is a favourite wood for the production of plywood, sliced and peeled veneer. Also used in furniture production, for painted doors and for moldings.

Properties :
The color varies greatly by region. Limba from the Congo has the desired light yellow color, whereas the wood from the Ivory Coast can be brown to black in color. Limba is the dominating species of wood in the southern part of the Congo and is exported from there in significant quantities.

Jointing :
The light Limba wood presents no problem when gluing. Screw joints should be pre-drilled.

Black Figured Limba

Trade Name :
Black Figured Limba

Origin :
Africa

Uses :
For all purposes in exclusive interior architectural woodwork, only in those countries though where wood in figured form is popular. Concerning Central Europe, Black Figured Limba is hardly known.

Properties :
In general, Limba is plain, of a pale yellow colour and is often used as veneer for doors (easy to apply paint). Black Limba is sometimes substituted for Walnut and in this figured form a log can be considered a unicum if it has a heart portion of much higher proportion than normal.

Jointing :
Causes no difficulties.

Louro Preto

Trade Name :
Louro Preto, Cordia, Louro Pardo

Origin :
Tropical, Central and South America, especially Guayana, Ecuador and Brazil.

Uses :
Architectural woodwork and mass-produced furniture. Less known in Europe. Used in South America also as deck planks on the image for shipbuilding.

Properties :
Beautiful medium brown to olive-brown color in which the different textures, from regular to extremely wild, come into their own.

Jointing :
Glue joints are easy to produce and durable. Pre-drilled screw and nail joints have normal tensile strength.

Fir

Trade Name :
Silver Fir, Fir

Origin :
Central and Southern Europe.

Uses :
Construction lumber, special wood for musical instruments (sound boards), often used together with spruce in furniture production.

Properties :
It is yellowish-white to reddish-white in color with a grey tinge. The Fir stands are much endangered by industrial air pollution, needle and bark louse, animal browsing and clear cutting.

Jointing :
Glue, screw and nail joints are easy to produce and hold well.

Goiabao

Trade Name :
Goiabao

Origin :
Goiabao, Abiu Casca Grossa, in South America Abiurana

Uses :
Without figure, this wood is hardly known or used in Central Europe – only for interior or side veneers – due to its uniformity with no expression. Figured, however, sought for in non-European countries (USA, Asia) where it is used for special object construction; in South America used in shipbuilding, for furniture and as construction wood; in veneer form used for boards in southern Asia.

Properties :
Straw-yellow and very uniform colour. Shows very little structure even after surface finishing. More interesting in the figured form. Then used for interior and special object construction.

Jointing :
Joints are easy to produce with glue and hold well.

Golden Madrone

Trade Name :
Golden Madrone, Musk Burl

Origin :
South-East Asia

Uses :
Exclusive interior architectural woodwork. Relatively unknown in Europe compared to other burls, as this species has been imported to only a few years ago. For this reason, acceptance and and use of Golden Madrone is rather limited so far. rniture and as construction wood; in veneer form used for boards in southern Asia.

Properties :
The surface of Golden Madrone is very much like velvet with an explicit and somewhat coarser burl growth. Surface treatment results in an intensive, three-dimensional appearance so that an especially decorative look can be achieved.

Jointing :
Golden Madrone can easily be glued as veneers without any problem.

Ice Birch

Trade Name :
Ice Birch, Figured Birch

Origin :
Approx. up the 65th parallel in Europe and Asia as well as in the Northeast of the United States and in southern Canada.

Uses :
Ice Birch was a very popular wood for bedroom furniture in the fifties and sixties, with the demand having been covered by the European Birch. Today, Ice Birch is used for exclusive interior construction jobs and high quality furniture production.

Properties :
Colour is yellowish-white which darkens extensively to a yellow colour under the influence of light. Ice Birch hardly ever develops the typical figure as seen in other species. Its particular form is more to be seen as a healthy and strong wood shifting during growth, resulting in this pattern resembling flames or ice seen under lighting. Highly decorative when processed and surface finished.

Jointing :
No difficulty to produce joints with glue.

Imbuya Burl

Trade Name :
Imbuya, Imbuya Burl

Origin :
South America

Uses :
Very rare veneer wood exclusively used for choice architectural work. Especially popular as accentuating wood for fillings in combination with other high quality ones.

Properties :
The heartwood is brown in yellow, olive to chocolate shades. The wood is durable and resistant to insect attack, moderately hard, of medium weight and elastic. Apart from Imbuya Burl this wood has had very little significance in Europe up to now. The burl is only used in Europe for high quality architectural woodwork because of its rareness.

Jointing :
Glue joints are easy to produce and hold firmly. Pre-drilled screw and nail joints have high tensile strength.

Koto

Trade Name :
Koto

Origin :
Africa

Uses :
Sliced veneer used for door skins and inner surface veneers; rotary veneer used for plywood panels. Used in the furniture industry more as a backing veneer.

Properties :
The wood is yellowish-white to cream in color and becomes more yellowish-grey when steamed. Koto is very good for printing and staining. Logs must be freshly felled and chemically impregnated. Veneer and lumber (treated) should be stored in dry, well-ventilated rooms.

Jointing :
The wood can be glued very well. Joints are easy to make and hold firmly.

Elm Burl

Trade Name :
Elm Burl

Origin :
Central Europe

Uses :
Very decorative veneer wood, high quality architectural woodwork and high class furniture making. In Central Europe mainly used as accentuating wood for decorative purposes; in Southern Europe due to fashion trends often also used for complete range of furniture.

Properties :
The color of the heartwood is light to dark brown. Fine-eyed burl veneer with large dimensions and few open defects or bark pockets are sold at very high prices.

Jointing :
All wood joints with nails, screws and glue hold well although pre-drilling is to be recommended due to the tendency to split.

European Elm

Trade Name :
Dutch Elm, European Elm

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
A fashionable species of wood for furniture and interior fixtures in the fifties and sixties. Readily used also in shipbuilding and civil hydraulic engineering due to its water resistance. Special wood for gymnasium equipment and tool handles. Suitable for turning and carving.

Properties :
The heartwood is light to chocolate-brown in color and quickly darkens in the air. It feels coarse and slightly rough but is very decorative. There is a tendency to burl. The burl formation of Elm is a much wanted feature on the veneer market. Dutch Elm has a very apparent unpleasant odor .

Jointing :
Glue, nail, and screw joints hold well.

Etimoe

Trade Name :
Etimoe

Origin :
West Africa

Uses :
Etimoe is used among other things for furniture, paneling and encasings. Producing rotary-cut veneers is also possible, however, these are mainly used for the production of plywood by the wood-working industry.

Properties :
The wood is reddish brown and shows irregular, darker color zones. The distinctive spiral growth of this wood species is clearly visible on the surface of veneers and boards. The heartwood convinces by its excellent stability and it is very resistant to pest infestation.

Jointing :
Gluing presents no problems. Etimoe takes glue well and adheres firmly to the support material.

Eucalyptus

Trade Name :
Eucalyptus

Origin :
Australia, New Zealand

Uses :
Plain Eucalyptus – like Eucalyptus Pommele and Figured Eucalyptus – is rarely used as face veneer, but mostly for sides and for interior veneers as the wood is not very expressive. Besides for veneers, Eucalyptus is used for railroad ties and in ship and vehicle construction.

Properties :
Colour ranges from a light grey to yellow, up to a light brown. Colour variations within one single log are normal.

Jointing :
All methods can be applied without any problems.

Eucalyptus Burl

Trade Name :
Eucalyptus Burl

Origin :
Australia, New Zealand and also in Spain

Uses :
High quality architectural woodwork

Properties :
The varieties extend from the pommele type to the distinct burl. Unlike other burl woods this does not occur through fine branch growth but is a pure growth characteristic of this tree, getting its burly appearance from the wavy course of the grain.

Jointing :
Joints with glue, screws and nails are easy to produce and hold firmly.

Figured Eucalyptus

Trade Name :
Figured Eucalyptus

Origin :
Australia, New Zealand

Uses :
In those countries where figured wood is very popular – such as in North America, Asia, Middle East, Great Britain – the Figured Eucalyptus species is used for interior architectural woodwork, exclusive furniture and in ship building for interior design.

Properties :
The figure can vary. From a light, not very intensive figure in regular 90-degree-angles, or in patterns resembling stairs or bricks up to a strong and very marked figure. In case of a strong figure, checks can occur in the veneer surface, which may lead to difficulties in the final processing. Colour, too, varies greatly and ranges from a light yellow or a light green, up to a medium brown.

Jointing :
No difficulty to produce any type of jointing.

Chestnut

Trade Name :
Chestnut

Origin :
Europe, Asia.

Uses :
Face veneer, furniture, paneling, stairs, parquet, special wood for shipbuilding and pilings, lumber.

Properties :
The heartwood is yellow to dark brown in color and is resistant to fungi but not insects. The wood is not resistant to the weather but very durable when placed under water.

Jointing :
Chestnut can be glued without difficulty. Screw and nail joints hold firmly. Discoloration can occur when coming into contact with metal due to its high tannin content.

Chestnut Bur

Trade Name :
Chestnut Bur

Origin :
Europe, Asia.

Uses :
Architectural woodwork, not suitable for mass-produced furniture because of the scarcity of this wood.

Properties :
Very decorative.

Jointing :
Gluing of Chestnut Burl is possible without difficulty. Screw and nail joints hold firmly. Due to the high tannin content reaction stains can occur when coming into contact with metal.

Cocobolo

Trade Name :
Cocobolo, Grenadillo

Origin :
Central America, South America

Uses :
Veneer for architectural woodwork or inlays, all kinds of handles, parts of woodwind instruments (but not for mouthpieces).

Properties :
The heartwood is red to dark brown with black lines. Due to its high oil content the surface appears dense with waxy luster. An absolutely superior wood.

Jointing :
Due to the deposits in this wood it is extremely difficult to glue. Screw and nail joints hold well but pre-drilling is recommended.

Curly Maple

Trade Name :
Curly Maple, Figured Maple

Origin :
North America

Uses :
Since Curly Maple belongs to the more expensive species and also is not often to be found, use is restricted to exclusive furniture, interior decorating and objets d’art, e.g. writing utensils, bowls, etc. Due to its rareness, this species cannot be produced in quantities such as for large furniture production, etc.

Properties :
Highly decorative on account of its strong figure. Especially when finished in a high gloss surface, very plastic and three-dimensional pictures result.

Jointing :
Glue jointing is durable; predrilled screw jointing is preferable to one with nails.

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Curupixa

Trade Name :
Curupixa

Origin :
South America

Uses :
Hardly known in Europe as veneer wood. Some demand as figured veneers in Asia and on the American continent. Used there for interior construction and for furniture production. In South America, Curupixa is used in the veneer production and also for plywood, parquetry and construction wood. Most veneers are manufactured as quarters.

Properties :
The wood is yellowish to gray-brown, sometimes with a rosy touch. The structure is smooth and even, no prominent appearance.

Jointing :
Glue jointing is durable; predrilled screw jointing is preferable to one with nails. Problem-free; screw and nail joints hold well.

Macassar-Ebony

Trade Name :
Macassar, Ebony, Marble Wood

Origin :
Celebes Islands (East Indies)

Uses :
Highest quality architectural woodwork, inlays and musical instruments.

Properties :
The wood is black with brown regular or irregular reddish-brown to green-brown streaks. The wood has a distinct sheen and is most decorative.

Jointing :
Glue joints are easy to produce and hold well. Nail joints are very difficult to produce and screw joints must be pre-drilled.

Buckeye Burl

Trade Name :
Buckeye Burl

Origin :
Europe and North America

Uses :
No great economic significance. Only used as special wood for turning and carving. Not used for veneers. Burls hardly occur and thus are only used for single furniture pieces or inlays.

Properties :
Of yellowish-white colour and often spotty, thus not suitable for veneer production.

Jointing :
Joints are easy to produce

Camphor Burl

Trade Name :
Camphor Burl

Origin :
China, Vietnam, Japan

Uses :
Camphor Burl veneers are used for decorative interior architectural woodwork, special building projects and for exclusive furniture. Also used for medical purposes. The leaves of the Camphortree are eaten by the Camphor Silk Caterpillar whose cocoons are produced to natural silk for fishing-lines and surgical thread.

Properties :
Dark red wood, vividly burled. When put together in cross joints, beautiful pictures result. Very intensive scent which does not subside when the wood is produced to veneers.

Jointing :
Nail and screw joints hold well and are easily made.

Cerejeira Crotch

Trade Name :
Cerejeira Crotch

Origin :
South America

Uses :
Architectural woodwork, more popular in the USA than in Europe.

Properties :
Diffucult to slice. Some rough patches are almost impossible to avoid.

Jointing :
Glue joints hold firmly, screw and nail joints are very durable.

Chen Chen

Trade Name :
Chen Chen, Ako

Origin :
West Africa

Uses :
In Europe as interior veneers or for sides only. In Asia and Arabia also used for face veneers in furniture production, however, in the lower price range. Substitute for Koto wood which is a bit higher in price. For price reasons, usually produced to 100 % in Africa, mostly Ghana. From there exported as veneers to Europe. In West Africa also used for canoe building and for handles of tools and hunting equipment.

Properties :
No difference between splint and heart wood; of uniform dirty-white to yellowish-brown colour. Mostly manufactured as quarters and due to the frequent spiral grain, this leads to a light-dark striping of the veneers.

Jointing :
Satisfactory. Nail joints are not very durable.

Cherry Amercian Black

Trade Name :
Cherry, American Cherry, Black Cherry

Origin :
North America

Uses :
Very good sliced veneer for faces. As lumber it is preferred for architectural panels and furniture. Good qualities are always in demand. However, due to this heavy demand it is becoming more and more difficult to find American Black Cherry in good qualities. It is also very much sought after as lumber.

Properties :
The color of the heartwood is orange-reddish to reddish-brown with a satiny finish. Unlike the European Cherry the wood darkens considerably. This is why the European Cherry is considerably more select and purer in color than the American Black Cherry.

Jointing :
Cherry can be glued without difficulty. Screw and nail joints hold well but should be pre-drilled.

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Cherry European

Trade Name :
Cherry Tree, Kohl Cherry, European Cherry

Origin :
Europe and Lower Asia.

Uses :
Excellent and very exclusive veneer wood for the furniture industry and interior fixtures. Popular parquetry wood also held in high esteem in the piano industry.

Properties :
Warm, reddish orange color and unlike the American Cherry the veneer becomes more and more attractive and warmer in time. Often with slight green streaks. One of the most beautiful known furniture wood species.

Jointing :
Glue joints hold well. Screw joints should be pre-drilled to avoid splitting.

Birch Burl

Trade Name :
European Birch, Norway Burl, Karelian Burl, Karelian Birch, Alpine Burl

Origin :
Northern Europe

Uses :
High quality architectural woodwork.

Properties :
The burl form is not the usual kind of burl development but generally shows a firmly ingrown pattern of many small, black deposits (eyes). These are spread more or less regularly over the surface of the veneer thus producing the attractive pattern.

Jointing :
Glue is taken well by Birch Burl and joints hold well. Screw and nail joints should be pre-drilled.

Yellow Birch

Trade Name :
Yellow Birch, American Birch, Sliced Birch

Origin :
Canada, USA

Uses :
Frequently used veneers by the furniture industry. Also popular in the USA as lumber used in furniture and chair productions.

Properties :
It is especially valued as wood for sports equipment, hammers of musical instruments and for shuttles used in the weaving process. Light, almost white respectively cream-coloured and decorative wood.

Jointing :
Problem-free.

Birdseye Maple

Trade Name :
Birdseye Maple, Curly Maple, Fiddleback Maple, Northern Maple, Rock Maple, Sugar Maple, Black Maple

Origin :
Northern parts of North America

Uses :
High quality architectural woodwork, high quality furniture. For price reasons often copied by fineline veneers (artificial Birdseye Maple)

Properties :
Often slight changes in color within one log from a yellowish white on the outside to reddish in the heart of the log. In addition frequently occurring black patches and brown \\\"sugar patches\\\". Trunks over 2,70 m long are rare due to their small dimensions.

Jointing :
Glue joints hold well. Screw joints should be pre-drilled.

Bloodwood

Trade Name :
Bloodwood, Satiné

Origin :
South America

Uses :
Since the heartwood shows an intensive red coloring, Bloodwood is used for many decorative purposes, for example for high-end furniture in both, veneer and solid wood, turning objects, knife handles, marquetries and many more. Due to the relatively small diameters of the red heartwood, Bloodwood is used rather seldom in the veneer industry. This wood is relatively unknown in Europe, but it is of greater importance in America.

Properties :
The heartwood of this species has a deep red color and partly shows yellowish color stripes and a beautiful golden glow. The light yellow sapwood is sharply set-off from the heartwood. The structure is multifaceted and finely set-off most of the time.

Jointing :
Problem-free.

Bog Oak

Trade Name :
Bog Oak, Black Oak

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
Sliced veneer for faces, furniture, paneling, parquet flooring.

Properties :
The color is blue-black, also brownish-black, depending on how long the logs have lain. Wanted as veneers are those where the outer edges have already taken on the black color but are still dark to light brown in the heart.

Jointing :
Gluing should be carried out carefully. Pre-drilled screw joints hold firmly.

Bubinga

Trade Name :
Bubinga, Kevazingo

Origin :
Africa

Uses :
Sliced veneer for faces, furniture, paneling, parquet flooring.

Properties :
Higher quality architectural woodwork and mass-produced furniture, paneling and parquet flooring. Well-suited also for musical instruments.

Jointing :
Brown to violet-red heartwood with conspicuous growth zones. Resin pockets can occur; these degrade both the veneer and lumber.

Olive Ash

Trade Name :
Olive Ash

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
Decorative veneer for interiors.

Properties :
Extremely decorative as a result of the change between dark and white annual ring zones. Not to be mistaken for the Olive Ash having no white annual ring zones.

Jointing :
Glue is well taken by Ash and provides very durable joints. Pre-drilled screw joints are recommended.

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Aspen

Trade Name :
Gilead Poplar, Grey Poplar/p>

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
Sliced for face veneers. Also very well suited for peeled veneer, plywood, matches, paper industry.

Properties :
The wood is almost white to yellowish-grey and is considered the best Poplar species. It is dense, tough and very closely resembles Cherry. The Grey Poplar is generally considered to be a cross between White Poplar and Aspen.

Jointing :
Screw and nail joints are strong. Glued joints have less tensile strength.

Avodire

Trade Name :
Avodire

Origin :
Tropical West Africa

Uses :
Mainly as sliced veneer, occasionally rotary-cut; used in furniture production, for paneling, parquet and construction lumber.

Properties :
The color is brownish-yellow to a golden brown and darkens in time. Preferred are mottled veneers and flitches with irregular grains, pips and knots for production of veneers with an interesting character. Avodire veneer must always be covered since it is very sensitive to light.

Jointing :
There are no special requirements for this wood and all the usual commercial adhesives can be used. Nail and screw joints should be pre-drilled to prevent splitting.

Japanese Ash

Trade Name :
European Ash, White Ash

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
Good veneer wood for furniture and interior decorating. Logs having an olive-colored heart (“Olive Ash”) as well as Ash burls are in specially high demand as Olive Ash. Also used as wood for sports equipment (parallel bars, etc., due to its high bending strength), gun stocks, tool handles and grips.

Properties :
It is hard to differentiate between sapwood and heartwood. In aging, however, there is pronounced darkening of the heartwood with varying diameters down the lengths of the logs. Dark patches can occur as well as frequent figuring.

Jointing :
Glue is readily accepted by Ash and provides very durable joints. Pre-drilled screw joints hold well.

Bamboo

Trade Name :
Bamboo

Origin :
South-East Asia

Uses :
widely used for parquet flooring and for high-grade furniture. In China itself, large quantities of Bamboo plywood are produced, which is used – among other things – for cargo areas and side gates of trucks. Moreover, Bamboo is widely used as construction wood, for matting, baskets, chopsticks and many other household items

Properties :
Bamboo belongs to the family of grasses. Under appropriate conditions, Bamboo is growing very fast and can reach heights of up to 20 m within two months, and an increase in height of about 1m per day was measured during the period of its strongest growth. Bamboo veneer can be provided in four different types: jointed in wide widths in light or caramel color or narrowly- jointed in light or caramel color.

Jointing :
Bamboo can be glued without problems and jointed with other substances.

Birch

Trade Name :
Birch

Origin :
Europe and Asia up to about latitude 65° north.

Uses :
Greater significance as peeled Birch for furniture and panel industries (popular wood for bedrooms in the fifties). Also used for table and chair production. Very popular in Germany for burning in open fire places. In larger dimensions (seldom) also produced as sliced Birch. Most sliced Birch is “Yellow Birch” from the USA.

Properties :
The color is yellowish white but the logs often have brown hearts when mature. Birch wood has a low resistance to weather and is very susceptible to fungi and insect attack. Really clean logs, free of defects, are seldom found. Figured wood is frequent, much in demand sold as Ice Birch.

Jointing :
Birch takes well to glue and the joints hold well. Screw and nail joints should be pre-drilled.

Anegre Figured

Trade Name :
Anegre-Figured

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
It is used for furniture, parquet flooring and chipboard and is excellently suited for bending (seating furniture). Beech also is well-suited for work benches as well as being good construction lumber. One of the most used woods in Europe. In the veneer form it is produced as steamed, slightly steamed or white Beech. In the middle of the nineties Beech became a remarkably fashionable wood in the veneer and solid wood sectors.

Properties :
Reddish-white to reddish-brown, often with a brown heartwood when older. In some regions the Beech tends to have great tension (X, Y, T-tension) and buckles as a result of irregular annual ring formation (so-called hard years). Dark stains and mineral streaks occur frequently and reduce the value of the wood.

Jointing :
Beech takes glue very well and provides durable joints. Screw and nail joints are strong but pre-drilling is recommended.

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Angico Preto

Trade Name :
Curupay, Pepperwood

Origin :
South America

Uses :
Mainly used for parquet flooring, however, also used as construction wood and for stairways. Even in South America, it is used only seldom for furniture by the veneer industry and thus is only of minor importance for veneers.

Properties :
The heartwood is reddish brown with dark stripes, the structure often is irregular and twisted, however, much less distinctive than in Rosewood.

Jointing :
Problem-free.

Apple

Trade Name :
Apple

Origin :
The Appletree was originally indigenous in the West Indies.

Uses :
As veneer or slicing wood exclusively used in interior architecture. Other than that also used for tool and knife handles cabinet making and turneries.

Properties :
It is most difficult to differentiate between the sapwood and the heartwood. The sapwood is reddish brown, the heartwood being reddish to red-brown. The wood often has pith flecks, but hardly any sheen. Annual rings and annual zones are poorly defined. Pores and pith rays cannot be recognized with bare eyes.

Jointing :
Screw and nail joints hold firmly.

Olive Ash Burl

Trade Name :
Olive-Ash-Burl

Origin :
Europe, but generally restricted to Western Europe.

Uses :
High quality architectural woodwork, used also in Southern Europe for furniture.

Properties :
Extremely decorative through the alternating light and dark coloring. Can be made available in veneer having large dimension.

Jointing :
Glue is readily accepted by Ash and produces very durable joints. Pre-drilled screw joints hold well.

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

European Ash

Trade Name :
European Ash, White Ash Burl

Origin :
Europe, but generally restricted to Western Europe

Uses :
High quality architectural woodwork as well as high quality produced furniture, widely used in the USA and the Far East.

Properties :
Completely sound, large dimensioned, full burl logs are very rare. Frequently either small black knots are found in the burl or more of a cluster type, i.e. the burl zones are spread over the surface and are linked with each other through wild textures.

Jointing :
Glue is taken well by Ash and produces very durable joints. Pre-drilled screw joints hold well.

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Ash Crotch

Trade Name :
Ash Curl, Ash Crotch, European Ash

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
Architectural woodwork and single projects

Properties :
The frequently occurring brown heartwood in Ash is generally found in the crotch, too. It is more or less distinctly developed and often leads to very expressive patterns and textures in the veneer.

Jointing :
Ash takes glue well and provides very durable joints. Pre-drilled screw joints hold well

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Beech

Trade Name :
Beech

Origin :
Europe

Uses :
It is used for furniture, parquet flooring and chipboard and is excellently suited for bending (seating furniture). Beech also is well-suited for work benches as well as being good construction lumber. One of the most used woods in Europe. In the veneer form it is produced as steamed, slightly steamed or white Beech. In the middle of the nineties Beech became a remarkably fashionable wood in the veneer and solid wood sectors.

Properties :
Reddish-white to reddish-brown, often with a brown heartwood when older. In some regions the Beech tends to have great tension (X, Y, T-tension) and buckles as a result of irregular annual ring formation (so-called hard years). Dark stains and mineral streaks occur frequently and reduce the value of the wood

Jointing :
Beech takes glue very well and provides durable joints. Screw and nail joints are strong but pre-drilling is recommended.

Also available in Sawn Timber and Round Logs

Afromosia

Trade Name :
Afrormosia, Kokrodua, Assamela, Gold Teak

Origin :
West Africa, between the Congo and the Ivory Coast.

Uses :
As veneer for inferior purposes. Not used in Central Europe as face veneer. Serves as substitute for Teak in furniture making and used in the USA for interior boat fixtures and fittings

Properties :
Similar to Oak, moist wood stains when coming into contact with ferrous metals

Jointing :
Because of its application, water-proof glues are always used, causing no problem. Screw and nail joints must be pre-drilled

Alder European

Trade Name :
Alder

Origin :
Europe, Asia

Uses :
For veneer, lumber, musical instruments, fruit crates, at present used as solid wood for furniture. Was considered to be an inferior wood not accepted by the furniture industry until the mid-nineties when it became fashionable.

Properties :
After felling the color is first orange-red and subsequently darkens to a reddish-white or brownish-red. Alder is less decorative and often has defects. Perfect logs are seldom to be found. The species is relatively unsuitable for sliced veneer. Fine streaks are found spread over the entire surface in almost all cases.

Jointing :
Glue joints hold very well. Screws and nails provide tight joints.

Alder American Red

Trade Name :
Red Alder, Oregon Alder

Origin :
North America

Uses :
Used in the USA all along as a versatile wood but never for decorative purposes. Unlike in other species the defects are not only tolerated but even desired. Nevertheless not obtainable in large quantities in the long run. It can only be used in short lengths (0,50 - 1,20 m) for mass-produced furniture due to the defects in the lumber. Also used for kitchen cabinets, living-room and bedroom furniture.

Properties :
Light brown to reddish in color, generally with open defects. A great many streaks and open knots.

Jointing :
Glue, screw and nail joints can be produced without difficulty and all hold well

Amboyna Burl

Trade Name :
Amboyna Burl, Narra

Origin :
Indonesia; the burl form especially on the Andaman group of islands.

Uses :
Highest quality architectural woodwork. Amboyna Burl was a popular and frequently used wood in the Jugendstil epoch in the twenties. It was also the first burl wood to be used by Rolls Royce for dashboards.

Properties :
Very sound burl veneer which is only available in small dimensions. Coloring is from deep yellow orange to deep red. After surface finishing Amboyna Burl reveals a depth and live-liness in color like found in no other burl.

Jointing :
Joints using glue and screws are easy to produce and hold very firmly

Anegre

Trade Name :
Anegre Blanc, Longhi, Anigre, Aningre

Origin :
West Africa

Uses :
For veneer. In Central Europe generally used as interior veneer. Used as a substitute for Cherry when applied as face veneer. Frequently used in Southern Europe as face veneer for mass-produced furniture. Used also in North America for high quality architectural purposes, but generally in figured form. Special wood for printing and dyeing. In Italy, Spain and Greece used as a substitute for Walnut Sapwood. Also used for the production of fineline veneers.

Properties :
The heartwood is reddish-grey to light yellowish-brown, often with dark discoloration which is a great disadvantage in use. The heartwood is considerably resistant to fungi, insects and the weather, but is sensitive to blue stain.

Jointing :
Gluing presents no problems. Nail and screw joints should be pre-drilled to prevent splitting.